Quiz: What do you know about sanitation? (World Bank,
2008) − if you didn't score 100% read on!
The following are in no particular order − read them all !
WHO/UNICEF JMP REPORTS
2010 report: Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water 2010 update
►Read these and be alarmed: Fast Facts
Earlier reports: here.
2010 GLAAS report: Targeting Resources for Better Results (UN Water & WHO, 2010)
►Water and Sanitation (PLoS Medicine, November 2010) − a collection
of four papers:
1. Hygiene, Sanitation, and Water: Forgotten Foundations of
Health; 2. Water Supply and Health; 3. Sanitation and Health; and 4. Hygiene,
Sanitation, and Water: What Needs to Be Done?
Sanitation as a Key to Global Health: Voices from the Field (Institute for Water & Health, United Nations University,
2010)
Back-end users: the unrecognized stakeholders in
demand-driven sanitaiton (Journal of
Planning, Education and Research, 2010)
Urban Catastrophes: The WatSan Dimension (Humanitarian Futures Programme,
King’s College London, 2010)
Global Environmental
Health: Research Gaps and Barriers for Providing Sustainable Water, Sanitation,
and Hygiene Services (Workshop Summary) (NAP, 2009)
►Hygiene and Sanitation
Software: An Overview of Approaches (WSSCC, 2010)
Insecurity and Indignity: Women’s
Experiences in the Slums of Nairobi, Kenya (Amnesty International Publications,
2010) – “Women and girls living
in these informal settlements are particularly affected by lack of adequate
access to sanitation facilities for toilets and bathing. Not only do women have
different physical needs from men (for example, related to menstruation), but
they also have greater need of privacy when using toilets and when bathing.
Inadequate and inaccessible toilets and bathrooms, as well as the general lack
of effective policing and insecurity, make women even more vulnerable to rape
and other forms of gender-based violence.”
Water, sanitation and hygiene for the prevention of diarrhoea (Int. J. Epidemiol., 2010) “Conclusion: We propose diarrhoea risk
reductions of 48, 17 and 36%, associated respectively, with handwashing with
soap, improved water quality and excreta disposal as the estimates of effect
for the LiST [Lives Saved Tool]
model. Most of the evidence is of poor
quality. More trials are needed, but the evidence is nonetheless strong
enough to support the provision of water supply, sanitation and hygiene for
all.”
Water, Sanitation and Children’s Health: Evidence from 172 DHS Surveys
(World Bank, 2010) “The results show a robust association
between access to water and sanitation technologies and both child morbidity
and child mortality. The point estimates imply, depending on the technology
level and the sub-region chosen, that water and sanitation infrastructure
lowers the odds of children to suffering from diarrhea by 7-17 percent, and
reduces the mortality risk for children under the age of five by about 5-20 percent.
The effects seem largest for modern sanitation technologies and least
significant for basic water supply.”
►Dignity and
the decent facility (New Internationalist,
2008) – “Sanitary
engineers regard a toilet as a health aid, but women paint a very different
picture.”
Impact
of a city-wide sanitation intervention in a large urban centre on social,
environmental and behavioural determinants of childhood diarrhoea: analysis of
two cohort studies (International Journal
of Epidemiology, 2008) – the intervention is simplified sewerage.
Disparities
in access to clean water and sanitation: institutional causes (Water Policy, 2010)
Africa’s Infrastructure: A Time for Transformation (World Bank, 2010) –
chapters on water supply and sanitation; background papers on water supply and sanitation. Africa's Infrastructure home page.
Water and Sanitation as Human Rights (Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, undated
but ? 2009)
How to save the World with Sanitation (Rose George, The Huffington Post, 27 October 2009)
Introducing SaniFOAM: A Framework to Analyze Sanitation Behaviors to Design Effective Sanitation
Programs (WSP, 2009)
The
sanitation imperative: A strategic response to a development crisis (Desalination, 2009)
Towards sustainable urban water and sanitation services:
Barriers and bridges (Sustainability,
2009)
Reaching
the MDG Target for Sanitation in Africa – A Call for Realism (Danida, 2010)
The Right to Sanitation in National Laws (Académie
de l’Eau, Paris, 2009)
Vision 2030: The resilience of water supply and sanitation in the face of
climate change (WHO & DFID, 2009)
Appropriate Technology for Water
Supply and Sanitation: A Summary of Technical and Economic Options (World Bank,
1980) − a
summary of the final report of John Kalbermatten’s World Bank research
project (RPO 671-46) on appropriate technology for water supply and waste
disposal in developing countries undertaken in 1976−78. Well worth reading so
as to avoid ‘reinventing the wheel’.
Financing
Sanitation: Improving Hygiene Awareness
and Sanitation (KfW Water Symposium, 2009) – Symposium homepage with
links to presentations.
Step By Step: Achieving
Sustainable Sanitation (Arghyam, 2010)
Information on Improved
Latrine Options (WSP, 2010) − “This booklet is really meant to be useful to anyone
interested in and working on sanitation programs, and raise people’s awareness
of options, create sanitation demand and work on actual construction of
latrines.”
Listen to Toilets (BBC
World Service, 2009 − mp3 file)
Millennium [Development] Goals: Down the pan? (BBC
News, 2005)
Listen to Improving
access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (The
Lancet, podcast, 2008 − mp3 file)
It's a brave politician who will talk about
toilets (Interpress News Service, 2007) − interview with
Clarissa Brocklehurst, Chief of Water and Environmental Sanitation, UNICEF.
Knowledge barriers key factor in sanitation crisis − Nergui Manalsuren interviews Duncan Mara (IPS, 17 August 2009).
Diarrhoea: why children are still dying and what can
be done (UNICEF/WHO, 2009)
“The Taboo of Poo” −
Why are we so reluctant to talk about one of the greatest threats to human
health? (WSSCC, 2009)
The Global Sanitation Crisis: Why Should 5,000 Dead Children
per Day be a Taboo Subject? (Fundació Agbar, 2008) − by Arno Rosemarin of SEI.
Sanitation
Technologies: Practical Choices for Large-scale Implementation
Public Funding for Sanitation: The many faces of sanitation
subsidies (WSSCC, 2009)
IYS2008 Factsheets (UN Water, 2008)
How to prevent a tenth of the global disease burden (The Lancet, 2008) − listen here.
A Snapshot of Sanitation in Africa (WHO & UNICEF, 2008)
Can Africa Afford to Miss the Sanitation MDG Target? A
Review of the Sanitation and Hygiene Status in 32 Countries (AMCOW, AfDB, World
Bank and WSP, 2008)
Status of Implementation of CSD-13 Policy Actions on Water
and Sanitation (UN DESA, 2008)
►The vast deficit in sanitation (Chapter 3 of
the Human Development Report 2006 “Beyond scarcity: Power, Poverty and the
Global Water Crisis”, UNDP, 2006)
Improving on
haves and have-nots (Nature, 20 March 2008) “All-or-nothing targets for global access to basic
amenities such as drinking water and sanitation are outdated. The time has
come, says Jamie Bartram, for a more fluid approach.”
Determinants
of national diarrheal disease burden (Environmental Science & Technology, 2009) “Diarrheal
illness is a leading cause of child mortality in developing nations. ... We estimate that reducing unmet rural
sanitation need worldwide by 65% would save the equivalent of 1.2 million lives
annually.”
Sanitation Challenges and Solutions (IWA Reference Paper,
2008)
►Public Funding for Sanitation: The Many Faces of Sanitation Subsidies (WSSCC, 2009)
Financing On-Site Sanitation for the Poor: A Six Country Comparative Review and Analysis (WSP, 2010)
Water and Sanitation For Developing Clean and Healthy Cities
− Seminar Report from the World Urban Forum 4, Nanjing, China (SIWI, 2008)
Meeting the Sanitation and Water Challenge in South-East
Asia and the Pacific (International Water- centre, 2009)
A Review of
Decision-Making Support Tools in the Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Sector
(Wilson Center & Pacific Institute, 2008)
Book:
The Last Taboo: Opening the Door on the Global Sanitation Crisis (Earthscan,
2008)
Contents:
A Short History of the Unmentionable. Runaway Urbanization and the Rediscovery
of Filth. In Dignity and Health. Pit Stops: The Expanding Technological Menu. Selling
Sanitation to New Users. Shitty Livelihoods, or What? Bringing on the New
Sanitary Revolution.
Book: The Big Necessity: Adventures in the World of
Human Waste, by Rose George (Portobello Books, 2008 − the link is to
amazon.co.uk) − reviews here. [US title: The Big Necessity: The Unmentionable World of Human Waste and Why it
Matters, Metropolitan Books, 2008]
►Go ahead, say it: Shit − There, now we can seriously discuss
sanitation (Scientific American talks to Rose George, 2008)
Safer Water, Better Health: Costs, benefits and sustainability of interventions
to protect and promote health (WHO, 2008) − depicts country-by-country estimates of
the burden of disease due to water, sanitation and hygiene, and highlights how
much disease could be prevented through increased access to safe water and
better hygiene.
►Sanitation for unserved populations: Technologies, implementation
challenges, and opportunities (Annual Review of Environment and
Resources,
2008)
Tackling a Global Crisis: International Year of Sanitation
2008 (UN Water, 2008) −
this is the “International Year of
Sanitation Flagship Publication” from UN Water.
Sanitation (Special Focus Theme Report, World Water Week, Stockholm, 2008)
Environmental sanitation crisis: More than just a health
issue (Environmental Health Insights,
2008)
Just How Big
is the Schism Between the Health Sector and the Water and Sanitation Sector in
Developing Countries? (Environmental
Health Insights, 2008)
Symposium on
‘Sanitation for the Urban Poor: Partnerships and Governance’ (IRC, November
2008)
The National Sanitation Bucket Replacement Programme: Lessons
Learnt (DWAF, South Africa, 2008)
Talking Dirty − The
politics of clean water and sanitation (New
England Journal of Medicine, 2008)
Improved Sanitation and Hygiene: Allowing Children to
Thrive, Survive and Grow (Stockholm Water Front,
2008)
Sustainable Infrastructure Action Plan FY 2009-2011 (World
Bank Group, 2008) − includes
sanitation!
Sanitation Consultation
(USAID, June 2008)
Urban sanitation −
Politics in a dirty world (Stockholm Water Front, December 2007)
World Water Day 2008 Advocacy Guide (WHO, UNICEF
& WSSCC)
Benefit-cost ratios for sanitation interventions
Where are we with Sanitation? (whole January
2008 issue of Waterlines)
South
Africa: Focus on water and sanitation delivery (WIN-SA Newsletter,
2008) − South Africa is a country that takes sanitation provision to low-income communities very seriously indeed: see eThekwini UD-VIV latrines.
Sanitation and Water Challenge 2008 (Copenhagen
Consensus Center)
World sanitation goals slip − nature can help (Reuters,
2008)
No excuses! (DFID Developments #40, 2008)
Lack of sanitation causes distress and death (InfoChange
News &
Features, India,
2003)
Global costs of attaining the Millennium
Development Goal for water supply and sanitation (Bull. WHO, 2008)
Trends in urban and slum indicators across
developing world cities, 1990–2003 (Habitat
Inter- national, 2008) − includes data on access to improved sanitation and sewerage
Sanitation for All? (IRC TOP, 2007)
The State of the World’s Toilets 2007 (WaterAid, 2007)
In the Public Interest: Health, Education, and Water and
Sanitation for All (Oxfam/WaterAid, 2007)
Manual on the Right to
Water and Sanitation (COHRE, SDC, AAAS & UN-Habitat, 2007)
Understanding the urban poor’s vulnerabilities in sanitation
and water supply (Center for Sustainable Urban Development, Columbia University,
2007)
Innovations in financing urban water
and sanitation (Center for Sustainable Urban Development, Columbia University, 2007)
Women and Sanitation (UN-Habitat, 2007)
The peri-urban water poor: citizens or consumers? (E
& U, 2006) − applies
also to periurban sanitation.
Securing Sanitation: The Compelling Case to Address the Crisis
(SIWI, 2005)
Stockholm
Water Front: Sanitation Special (SIWI, 2007)
Sanitation in the
developing world: current status and future solutions (International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2003)
Cities, sewers and poverty: India's politics of sanitation (
E
& U, 1999)
Sewerage Works –
Public investment in sewers saves lives (PSIRU, 2008)
Community infrastructure for low-income cities:
The potential for progressive improvement (
Habitat
International, 1999)
− primary focus on water and sanitation
Water, sanitation and urban children: The need to go beyond
“improved” provision (Children, Youth and Environments, 2005)
An Alternative Model for Responding to Children in Poverty:
The Work of the Alliance
in Mumbai and Other Cities (Children, Youth and Environments, 2005)
− see ‘Community Toilet
Programs’, including special toilets for children, pdf pages 7−9.
Sanitation NOW (special edition for IYS2008, Stockholm
Environment Institute/EcoSanRes Programme, 2008)
Better Water and Sanitation for the Urban Poor: Good
Practice from sub-Saharan Africa (Water Utility Partnership for Capacity Building, 2003)
Water and Sanitation for All: A Practitioner’s Companion
(MIT Urban Upgrading webpage)
►Urban sanitation − lessons
from experience (Waterlines, 2008) − excellent review
of community-based sewerage in South Asia
European Sanitation Policies and Practices in the
International Year of Sanitation 2008 (Report of the High Level Policy
Conference ‘Finding solutions for more than 20 million citizens of the European
Union who lack safe and affordable sanitation’, Brussels, 29 January 2008)
(WECF, 2008)
Environmental History
of Water: Global Views on Community Water Supply and Sanitation (IWA
Publishing, 2007) University of Leeds Library
catalogue entry.
Sanitation, Health & Hygiene (Water Wheel supplement,
Water Research Commission, South
Africa, 2008)
►Global Expenditure Review: Water Supply
and Environmental Sanitation (Plan International, 2010)
Do the maths (WEM,
2009) − Jonathon Porritt on why environmentalists need to face
up to the issue of population.
United Nations World Water Development Reports
3. Water in a
Changing World (2009)
2. Water: A Shared
Responsibility (2006)
1. Water for People,
Water for Life (2003)
The art of the toilet in Japan (BBC News, 2008)
►Health and wealth: Improved health does not always make
countries richer (The Economist, 2008) [page 3 of the pdf file has links
to the references given on page 2]
Practitioner Note Series (webpage)
(Water Sector Board, Sustainable Development Network, World Bank Group) – ‘P-Notes’ are synopses of larger World Bank
documents in the water sector reporting key findings and messages.
Newsfeeds
The Neglected Goal: A Toilet Revolution (IPS)
Sanitation
Updates (IRC and USAID’s Environmental Health knowledge management activity and the Hygiene Improvement Project −
HIP)
Circle of Blue: WaterNews − reporting the global water
crisis
India Sanitation Portal
AllAfrica water and
sanitation news
►Mahatma Gandhi's
'mobile toilet' recreated (Daily Telegraph,
London, 2008)
Ghandi thought that sanitation was more important than independence.
World Sanitation Project Map or ‘Sanimap’ – “a communication tool to
solve water problems” developed by the Water Web Alliance which is “a not-for-profit organization - to contribute to solving the
water issues by utilizing the Web and digital technology; and to set up a new
medium for raising awareness on water, and for matching individuals' and
organizations' demand for water information in partnership with citizens,
private corporations, NGOs, and public organizations.”
World Development
Report 2004: Making Services Work for Poor People (World Bank, 2004)
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