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Uncertain how to plan sanitation projects and programmes? Read on:
►Appropriate
Sanitation Alternatives: A Planning and Design Manual (World Bank, 1982)
Overview The Kalbermatten Sanitation Planning Model
The Bellagio Principles
Summary Report of the Bellagio Expert Consultation on
Environmental Sanitation in the 21st Century (1−4 February 2000) (SANDEC/WSSCC,
2000) The Bellagio Statement.
►Effective Strategic Planning for Urban Sanitation Services:
Fundamentals of Good Practice (GHK Training & Research, 2002) − if you want a really good short
(7-page) introduction to Sanitation Planning, then read Section 3 of this
report: A Strategic Approach towards Sanitation Planning.
►Urban Sanitation Planning:
A Technology Check List for Planners − to make sure you've considered ALL possible sanitation options!
Planning for
Sustainable Sanitation (SuSanA, 2009)
Assessing Sustainable Approaches to Sanitation Planning and
Implementation in West Africa (Licentiate Thesis, Department of Land and Water
Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 2008)
Strategic Approaches in the Provision of Sanitation Services
to Informal and Unserviced Areas (Water Research Commission, South Africa,
2005)
Guidelines for
planning community participation activities in water supply and sanitation
projects (WHO, 1986)
Introducing SaniFOAM: A Framework to Analyze Sanitation Behaviors to Design Effective Sanitation
Programs (WSP, 2009)
►Unexpected
negative outcomes of community participation in low-cost housing projects in
South Africa (Habitat International,
2008) – applies equally to
WatSan projects.
Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion: Programming Guidance
(WSSCC & WHO, 2005)
Engaging with Citizens to Improve Services (WSP South Asia,
2007) Overview & Key Findings
Household-centred Environmental Sanitation (Sandec, 2005)
Sanitation 21: Simple Approaches to Complex Sanitation − A
Draft Framework for Analysis
(IWA, 2007)
Solutions in Sanitation − Planning Principles (Austrian Development Agency, 2008)
A framework for delivery of basic sanitation services to
informal settlements: Developing a consensus on planning for implementation at
a local level (eWISA, 2004)
Open Planning of Sanitation Systems (SEI, 2004)
Planning for Drinking Water and Sanitation in Peri-Urban
Areas: A proposed framework for strategic choices for sustainable living (Swedish
Water House, 2007)
A guide to the planning and provision of water and
sanitation services to the urban poor (see pdf pages 49−79, Water Resources
Journal, UNESCAP, 2003)
A Review of
Decision-Making Support Tools in
the Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Sector (Pacific Institute
and Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2008)
Urban
Environmental Sanitation Planning: Lessons from Bharatpur, Rajasthan (WSP,
2000)
Trusting consumers:
Involving communities in municipal water service decision making in Durban,
South Africa (Water SA, 2008)
Understanding the
urban poors’ vulnerability in sanitation and water supply (Center for
Sustainable Urban Development, 2007)
Book: Urban Sanitation: A Guide to Strategic Planning (ITDG, 2003)
University of Leeds Library catalogue
entry
►Reaching out to consumers: making sure we really know what people
think and want, and
acting upon it (World Bank, 2003)
Toward a
Strategic Sanitation Approach: Improving the Sustainability of Urban
Sanitation
in Developing
Countries (WSP, 1997)
A pathway to sustainability in urban sanitation for
developing Asian countries (PhD thesis, University of Technology Sydney, 2008)
Urban Sanitation in Indonesia: Planning for Progress (WSP,
2009)
Strengthening
Capacities for Planning of Sanitation and Wastewater Use: Experiences from two
cities in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka (IRC, 2009)
Environment
& Urbanization homepage E & U Briefs
PHAST:
Participatory Hygiene And Sanitation Transformation
What is PHAST? (WHO AFRO, undated)
The PHAST initiative: a new approach to working with
communities (WHO/WSP, 1997)
PHAST step-by-step guide: A participatory approach for the
control of diarrhoeal diseases ["by
improving water supply, hygiene behaviours
and sanitation"] (WHO, 1998)
CDD: Community-Driven Development
Community-Driven Development (World Bank, 2003)
Scaling up Community-Driven Development: A Synthesis of Experience
(World Bank, 2003)
Community-Driven Development in Urban Upgrading (World Bank,
2004)
Community-driven development for water and sanitation in
urban areas: Its contribution to meeting
the Millennium Development Goal
targets (IIED/WSSCC, 2005)
►Is community-driven
development really for communities? (id21, 2007)
See also: Community-based
Development in Water and Sanitation Projects (ADB, 2009)
Inclusive and
Sustainable Urban Planning: A Guide for Municipalities
(UN-Habitat, 2007) − i.e., not
specifically sanitation planning
− volume 1: An Introduction to Urban Strategic Planning
− volume 2: Urban Situation Analysis
− volume 3: Urban Development Planning
− volume 4: Sustainable Action Planning
Book:
The Community Planning Handbook: How
People can Shape Their Cities, Towns and Villages in Any Part of the World
(Earthscan, 1999)
Book:
Empowering Squatter Citizen: Local
Government, Civil Society and Urban Poverty Reduction (Earthscan, 2004) [check
out the original Squatter Citizen book, Earthscan, 1989 − University of Leeds Library catalogue entry]
The regulatory framework, unplanned development
and urban poverty: Findings from Dar
es Salaam, Tanzania (Land Use
Policy, 2006) − truly amazing!
 − website on community participation in planning processes.
See also: Sanitation technology selection
Sanitation
Technologies: Practical Choices for Large-scale Implementation
Sanitation Practice
New paradigm for periurban water supplies and sanitation
Water tariff structures
Microfinance/Microcredit
►ASPIRE (Oasys Software – free for universities!) − a software-based tool for
assessing the sustainability of infrastructure projects which recognises
poverty reduction as an overarching objective.
Every city needs one of
these if it can’t (or won't) plan effectively for its poor communities
The Urban Resource
Centre, Karachi
(E & U, 2007)
Abstract: The Urban
Resource Centre is a Karachi-based NGO ... set up in response to the recognition
that the planning process for Karachi did not serve the interests of low- and
lower-middle-income groups … The Urban Resource Centre … has created a network
of professionals and activists from civil society and government agencies who
understand planning issues from the perspective of these communities … This
network has successfully challenged many government plans that are ineffective,
over-expensive and anti-poor and has promoted alternatives. It shows how the
questioning of government plans in an informed manner … can force the government
to listen and to make modifications to its plans, projects and investments.
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See also: Integrated approaches to promoting sanitation: A
case study of Faridpur, Bangladesh (Desalination,
2009)
A Note of Caution
If conventional sewerage were affordable in poor periurban
areas there would be little, if any, planning that involved the community −
other than, to ensure a good rate of connection, to inform them what was going
to happen, how much the monthly water bill would increase (see Water
Tariff Structures), and
offer low-cost loans (to be repaid through the monthly water bill) to install
household pour-flush toilets − and no connection fees. Why should it be any different if the choice
is Simplified/Condominial Sewerage? For
on-site systems in periurban areas it might well be different, but the choice
is really quite limited (VIPs, VIVs, PFs, EcoSan, all probably alternating
twin pit/vault systems − see WatSan) and the role of the community in the planning process is
often overstated. If it goes much beyond that in the Kalbermatten
Model, it’s probably
being overplayed.
The eThekwini
Programme was criticised during the 2007 Stockholm
Water Week (details here) simply because the beneficiaries were given no choice by eThekwini
Water. Was this criticism fair? After all, it’s been a very successful WatSan
project and eThekwini Water did work hard with the communities to
explain the system (both water and sanitation), what their responsibilities
would be, and so on. So sensitively
done, ‘top-down’ planning can be highly effective − you can even argue that
sensitive top-down planning has more chance in periurban areas of achieving the
MDG sanitation goal than the much more time-consuming approach of bottom-up planning.
However, the top-down planners have to be very good at their job. If they’re not, then organizations like the Urban
Resource Centre in Karachi
(see above) are needed.
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RURAL AREAS
Atlas of Change (WaterAid, 2008) − this report looks
at how WaterAid is using mapping innovations, ensuring that access to water and
sanitation reaches those most in need.
Estimating Household Income to Monitor and Evaluate Public
Investment Programs in Sub-Saharan Africa (International
Food Policy Research Institute, 2008) − if you know (or can estimate)
household income, you should have an idea of what sanitation system(s) might be
affordable.
Linking Technology Choice with Operation and Maintenance in
the Context of Community Water Supply and Sanitation: A Reference Document for
Planners and Project Staff (WHO & IRC, 2003)
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