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Supporting
material:
Simplified
Sewerage Design Manual (University of Leeds, 2001)
The Design of
Shallow Sewer Systems [shallow sewerage = simplified sewerage]
(UNCHS, 1987)
Simplified sewerage: a mature
and essential sanitation
technology (IWA, 2004)
Sewerage: a return to
basics to benefit the poor (Proceedings of the Institution of Civil
Engineers −
Municipal Engineer, 2008)
Simplified sewerage can be cheaper than on-site sanitation
− see: Simplified sewerage: fiinancial cost advantages
See also: Water tariff
structures − these are
important if people are charged for sewerage services as a percentage of their
water bill. For conventional sewerage this is typically 100%, but for
simplified sewerage it should be lower − for example, in Natal
in northeast Brazil, where simplified sewerage was first implemented in the early 1980s, the
surcharge was 40% (currently − January 2008 − it is 35%: details here).
Scaling-up using condominial technology (Waterlines, 2006)
Can sewerage be pro-poor? Lessons from Dakar (IRC, 2009)
Can numerical computer modelling aid
innovation, efficiency and cost reduction in sanitation provision? (Desalination, 2009) – excerpt from Abstract:
“Analysis of a simplified
sewerage installation using the building drainage numerical model ‘DRAINET’
confirms that this sanitation option is best suited to densely populated areas,
while it is also shown that its implementation may be expanded to less densely
populated areas by a reduction in pipe diameter from 100 mm to 75 mm set at a
shallow slope characteristic of simplified sewerage installations.”
Condominial Sewerage Systems for the Federal District of Brazil (CAESB,
1998):
Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4
The Brasília experience is very pertinent: CAESB (the
Water & Sanitation Company for Brasília and the Federal
District) first tried simplified sewerage in its poor periurban
areas − it worked well and CAESB then asked “If it works well in poor areas,
why shouldn’t it work equally well in non-poor areas?”. They tried it and it did. The next question is: If simplified sewerage
works well in both poor and non-poor urban areas, should we ever even think
about using conventional sewerage in residential urban areas? Answer: No.
Video: Women’s Voices (GWA, 2005) – this film shows
the experience of a community in establishing simplified sewerage systems with a gender focus in periurban
areas of Cali, Colombia.
Sewerage: shallow systems offer hope to slums (World
Water, 1985)
− includes a description of the strictly Brazilian-style
simplified sewerage scheme installed in a low-income area on the outskirts of
Karachi where some 27 litres of water per person per day was obtained from
public standpipes, showing that on-plot water connections are not necessary for
simplified sewerage to work well. The cost? Only USD 45, which included the
squat pan and trap, grit and grease trap, house connection, street laterals,
collector main and primary treatment.
Low-cost sewerage (
Dialogue on Diarrhoea, 1992)
Book: Low-cost Sewerage (1996) [slightly strange page-by-page
html format]
Putting Participation in Context: An Evaluation of Urban
Sanitation in Brazil (PhD
dissertation, Stanford
University, 2004 −
abstract)
Community participation in urban sanitation: experiences in northeastern
Brazil
(Journal of Planning Education and Research, 2007)
Multistakeholder Evaluation of Condominial Sewer Services (American
Journal of Evaluation, 2005)
PROSANEAR: People, Poverty and
Pipes (World Bank, 1998)
Community Participation and Low Cost Technology: Bringing Water Supply and Sanitation
to Brazil's Urban Poor (World Bank, 2006)
Lower Costs with Higher Benefits: Water and Sewerage
Services for Low-income Households −
Lessons from EAPP [the El Alto Pilot
Project in
La Paz, Bolivia] (WSP, 2007)
Good Sewers Cheap? Agency-Customer Interactions in Low-cost Urban
Sanitation in Brazil
(World Bank, 1995)
Access to Water Supply and Sanitation in Brazil: Historical and Current Reflections;
Future
Perspectives (UNDP
HDR 2006 Thematic
Paper)
Lessons and
Experiences from the eThekwini Pilot Shallow Sewer Study [Executive
Summary]
[Shallow sewerage = simplified sewerage] See also
listing of Reports and
video below.
Durban Metro
Water: Private Sector Partnerships to Serve the Poor (WSP, 2001)
Ericson, Nebraska: Flat Grade
Sewers (NSFC, 1987)
Sewerage Works –
Public investment in sewers saves lives (PSIRU, 2008)
India: Simplified Sewerage
– An appropriate option for rapid sanitation coverage in urban areas
(Foundation for Greentech Environmental
Systems, 2008) − reported costs are one third of those
for conventional sewerage.
A simple aid for designing sewers (J.CIWEM, 1996)
►Tractive force design for sanitary sewer
self-cleansing (Journal of
Environmental Engineering, 2009)
A model for the movement of large solids in small sewers (WST, 2005)
Forces on sanitary solids in small sewers (
WST, 2005)
Effect of biofilm formation on roughness coefficient and
solids deposition in small-diameter PVC
sewer pipes (JEE ASCE, 2007)
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Selection of sustainable
sanitation arrangements (Water Policy, 2007)
Quote: “We argue
that other sanitation arrangements may be as ‘ecological’ as “EcoSan”.[*] For example, the sanitation system comprising
either conventional or low-cost sewerage (i.e., the conveyance of yellow, brown
and grey waters together in the same sewer system), followed by wastewater
treatment to produce both biogas and a microbiologically safe effluent, and
reuse of the effluent in aquaculture and/or agriculture [*] (or for
the irrigation of urban green space or forests), is equally ‘ecological’."
*See: Ecological
Sanitation Wastewater use in
Agriculture Wastewater Use in
Aquaculture
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Simplified sewerage can be used in villages as well
as in periurban and urban
areas: for example, in rural Ceará in
northeast Brazil − read this excerpt from
Dr
Sarmento’s PhD thesis (next link).
PhD thesis
Low-cost Sanitation Improvements in Poor Communities: Conditions
for Physical Sustainability
(Dr Verônica Sarmento, 2001)
[Includes appraisal of condominial sewerage systems in Brazil]
Video (.wmv
format)
The Durban Shallow Sewer Pilot
Study [shallow sewerage = simplified sewerage]
Courtesy
of the Water Research Commission, South Africa
See
also: Community-based
Sewerage in Asia − it’s almost, but not quite,
Brazilian-style
simplified sewerage.
History: ‘Backyard tubular drainage’ in
Victorian England in 1852
− remarkably similar
to Brazilian-style simplified sewerage.
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Simplified sewerage is often the
institutionally most appropriate option for large-scale application in poor
urban/periurban areas
Simplified sewerage was accepted by the Brazilian State
Water and Sewerage Companies precisely because it was a sewerage system and one
that was introduced (in fact, in 1986) into the national sewerage design code
[for further details see Microsoft Producer presentation #4 above]. Moreover their engineers could readily understand
its hydraulic design basis [see Microsoft Producer presentations #1−3 above] since it is very similar to that used
for conventional sewerage. In contrast
the Brazilian State Water and Sewerage Companies have absolutely ‘nothing to do
with’ on-site sanitation systems as they regard their provision to be solely a
municipal responsibility.
There are a few
situations when you wouldn’t use simplified sewerage − details here. Otherwise simplified sewerage is one of the best things
since
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