University of Leeds/Civil Eng. masthead

Sitters & Squatters, Washers & Wipers




People can be divided into two groups twice:  

Sitter or squatter?





The first division is into the preferred position for defecation: sitters and squatters. You can make a good physiological argument in favour of squatting (better bowel evacuation), but life's too short and there are more important things to do, so if people are sitters give them pedestal seats, and if they are squatters give them squat-pans or squat-holes.

The second division is into the preferred material for anal cleansing after defecation:
washers (people who use water) and wipers (people who use toilet paper or other
equally or nearly equally suitable material, such as newspaper, maize cobs, etc.).

Toilet paper Plastic kettle
Toilet paper use around the world: Matters of Scale: Into the Toilet (Worldwatch Mag-
azine, 2007).
 The photo on the right is of a plastic kettle which is widely used in
West Africa to carry water into the toilet/latrine for anal cleansing.

Facilities for washers and wipers Facilities for sitters and squatters
          
    Provision for both washers and wipers ... ... ... and for sitters and squatters!

                                                                                                                    
                                                     Is this progress?


                                                     Squatting abandoned!