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tions to conventional sewerage. Septic tanks, pour-flush latrines and settled sewerage systems made up most of the balance, but no one group accounted for more than 15 per cent of the population. However, data from the preceding year, presumably for a somewhat different set of countries, indicated that conventional sewerage served only 40 per cent of the urban population, while settled sewerage and septic tanks were each catering for about 20 per cent of both the urban and the marginal urban populations (WHO/UNICEF, 1990; Water Solidarity Network, 1994). The trends in installation of low-cost sanitation systems clearly need further investigation. |
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The sanitation system terminology used by Cairncross and Feachem (1993) differs slightly from that used in the JMP, but a comparison of costs is made in the former reference which can also be related to the JMP categories. Based on a survey conducted by the World Bank in several developing countries the relative annual economic costs per household, according to Cairncross and Feachem (1993), were as follows: |
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Sewered pour-flush toilets |
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Conventional septic tanks |
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The capital investment costs associated with the above alternative sanitation developments are generally expected to range from about US $75150 to US $6001200 per head of population in 1990 prices (Black, 1994). |
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1.2
International Initiatives to Improve Sanitation Coverage |
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1.2.1
Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council |
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The IDWSSD did not meet its water supply and sanitation goals, largely due to the enormous increase in population during the 1980s. In recognition of this, and with a desire to ensure that Decade initiatives were not dissipated, various external support agencies met during the latter part of the 1980s to decide how the momentum could be maintained. At their 1990 meeting in New Delhi they decided that membership should be extended to |
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