Prepared by Duncan Mara, University of Leeds, School of Civil Engineering.

February 2001, Revised June 2001

(To get a PDF versions of this page click here)

Akhtar Hameed Khan, Orangi Pilot Project: Reminiscences and Reflections

• Expanded edition published in 1998 by Oxford University Press, PO Box 13033, Karachi 75350, Pakistan
• ISBN: 0 19 577740 9
• This book "describes the physical and socioeconomic conditions in the informal settlements of Orangi, and the actors and processes involved in the development of these squatter townships." It also studies "the phenomenon of replication of the Orangi experiment – the manner in which it is helping whole communities overcome problems relating to sanitation, housing, health, education and employment."

J.M. Azevedo Netto, Innovative and Low Cost Technologies Utilized in Sewerage

• Technical Series No. 29, Environmental Health Program (92 pp.)
• Published in 1992 by Pan American Health Organization, 525 23rd St NW, Washington DC 20037, USA
• Contents:
1. Background
2. Sewerage Systems
3. Simplified Sewerage System
4. Condominial System of Sewerage
5. Small Bore System
6. Small Sewage Pumping Stations

Diane Diacon, Slum Networking: An Innovative Approach to Urban Development (Building and Social Housing Foundation, Coalville, 1997).

• Click here for further details

Duncan Mara, Low-cost Urban Sanitation (Wiley, Chichester, 1996)

• Settled and simplified sewerage covered in detail in Chapters 8 and 9, respectively
• Click here for further details

Duncan Mara (ed.), Low-cost Sewerage (Wiley, Chichester, 1996)

• Click here for further details

Gehan Sinnatamby, The Design of Shallow Sewer Systems (Published in 1986 by UNCHS, PO Box 30030, Nairobi, Kenya)

• Design manual for shallow (i.e. simplified) sewerage (using minimum self-cleansing velocity, rather than minimum tractive tension, as the main hydraulic design criterion). Includes extensive descriptions of simplified sewerage projects in northeast Brazil and in Orangi, Karachi, Pakistan.
  

R.A. Reed, Sustainable Sewerage: Guidelines for Community Schemes (IT Publications, London, 1995)

• Click here for further details

François Smith, Guidelines for the Design, Operation and Maintenance of Septic Tank Effluent Drainage Systems in South Africa with reference to the Marselle Case Study.

• CSIR Research Report 700
• Published in 1993 by CSIR. Available from Water Research Commission, PO Box 824, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
• ISBN: 0 7988 5322 0

Water Environment Federation, Alternative Sewer Systems (WPCF, 1986).

• Click here for further details.
  

L. Wooley, Drainage Details(2nd edition)

• Published in 1988 by E & F N Spon
• Available from Chapman & Hall, 2-6 Boundary Row, London SE1 8HN, UK
• ISBN: 0 419 15880 4
• A series of 46 excellent technical drawings on pipes and fittings for domestic sanitary and stormwater drainage.

US Environmental Protection Agency, Alternative Wastewater Collection Systems.

• Technology Transfer Manual , EPA/625/1-91/024
• Published in 1991 by Office of Research and Development, Office of Water, EPA, Washington DC 20460, USA
• Contents
  1. Overview of alternative conveyance systems
  2. Pressure sewer systems
  3. Vacuum sewer systems
  4. Small diameter gravity sewers
  5. Design examples
     

Videotapes

1. Small Diameter Effluent Sewers (12 minutes)

• Available from National Small Flows Clearing House

2. Orangi: Streets of Hope (20 minutes)

• Available from World Bank Publications: this is a link to the video page.

You may also try this link to the main World Bank page.