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Community Sanitation Blocks





  Community-designed, built and managed toilet blocks in Indian cities [E & U, 2003]

  Community toilets in Pune and other Indian cities (Participatory Learning and Action Notes #44,   iied, 2002) 

 The two publications above describe the sanitation work of SPARC − the Society for  the Promotion of Area Resource Centres, an Indian NGO.  Further information here   and The Work of SPARC, the National Slum Dwellers Federation and Mahila Milan (iied, 2001)
 [Mahila Milan is a decentralised network of poor women's collectives that manage  credit and savings activities in their communities (Mahila Milan means “Women  Together” in Hindi)]  Watch the video here  courtesy of SPARC India.

The political and administrative context of slum improvement: two contrasting Indian cases (IRC, 2008) − the second case study is on SPARC community toilet blocks.

An Alternative Model for Responding to Children in Poverty: The Work of the Alliance in Mumbai and Other Cities (Children, Youth and Environments, 2005) − see ‘Community Toilet Programs’, including special toilets for children, pdf pages 7−9.

Comminity-managed sanitation block in Kibera, Nairobi

The SPARC-style sanitation block in Gatwekera village in Kibera, Nairobi, managed by the community women: top left − general view (top floor used as a women’s meeting room, for parties, etc.); top right − women’s toilets; bottom right − the anaerobic digester beneath the toilets; bottom right − using the biogas from the digester for cooking.

Photographs courtesy of Rob Clarke, Halcrow/Water and Sanitation for the Urban Poor.  


Communal Toilets in Urban Poverty Pockets: Use and user satisfaction associated with seven communal toilet facilities in Bhopal, India [WaterAid, 2010] – Briefing Note.

Public toilets in Nairobi’s informal settlements [presentation at AfricaSan2008, Durban, February 2008]. See also Maji na Ufanisi’s webpage on Community sanitation blocks in Kibera  

Community toilets: a source of income [Gramalaya webpage]

Public toilets in urban India: Doing business differently [WSP-South Asia, 2007]

From Hazard to Convenience: Towards Better Management of Public Toilets in the City of Nairobi [WSP, 2004]

 Public Toilets Guidelines − Rural: Step by Step Implementation Guidelines for Public Toilets in Rural
 Areas [WaterAid, 2006]

 Cluster Latrine Guidelines – Urban: Step by Step Implementation Guidelines for Child-friendly
 Cluster Latrines in Urban Areas [WaterAid, 2006]

 The Slum Sanitation Program in Mumbai, India [World Bank, 2006]

 Community Toilets in Tangerang, Indonesia [UNESCAP, undated]

 The Mumbai Slum Sanitation Program: Partnering with Slum Communities for Sustainable Sanitation
 in a Megalopolis [WSP, 2006]

 Management Options for Public Toilets in Liuzhou, China [World Bank, 2006]

 Community-managed Toilets: Understanding Where It Can Work [WaterAid, 2005]

 Reaching the Poor through Sustainable Partnerships: The Slum Sanitation Program in Mumbai
 [World Bank, 2003]

 Issue Paper on Pro-poor Governance for Delivery of Basic Services [UN-Habitat, 2005]

 Rejuvenation of Community Toilets [UN Habitat Policy Paper, 2007]
             
 Guidelines on Community Toilets [World Bank, 1995]

 Public and communal latrines [Technical Brief, Waterlines, 1991]

 Community toilets [Gramalaya webpage]

 Rejuvenation of Community Toilets [UN Habitat, 2006]

‘Clean’ concept that won Kenyan global honours [Daily Nation, Kenya, 2007]

UK: Improving Public Access to Better Quality Toilets: A Strategic Guide (Department for Communities and Local Government, 2008)

 Photos: Communal sanitation block, New Delhi    
                Communal sanitation block, Marraquene, Mozambique (more facilities for women
                than for men)
                Kawakawa toilets [Bay of Islands, New Zealand − public toilets can be beautiful!]

  Listen:  Bathroom Blues Part 2 [Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 2003]
                Part 1 is here.  RealPlayer free download here.