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Page vii 10.3 System Design 141 10.4 ASAS Costs 151 10.5 Conclusions 152 10.6 Reference 153 11 Guidelines for the Design of Simplified Sewers 155 11.1 Introduction 155 11.2 Origin and Development of Simplified Sewerage 156 11.3 Hydraulic Design Method 157 11.4 Design Standards 161 11.5 Costs 164 11.6 Operational Experience 165 11.7 Discussion 166 11.8 References 167 12 Simplified Sewerage: Simplified Design 169 12.1 Introduction 169 12.2 Basic Theory 169 12.3 Number of Households Served 172 12.4 Simplified Design 173 12.5 References 174 13 Water Conservation: The Impact of Design, Development and Site Appraisal of a Low-volume Flush Toilet 175 13.1 Introduction 175 13.2 Laboratory Development of the Low-volume Flush Toilet 178 13.3 Site Trials in Botswana 184 13.4 Conclusions 187 13.5 References 188 14 Third World Surface Water Drainage: The Effect of Solids on Performance 189 14.1 Introduction 189 14.2 Model Construction, Calibration and Verification 193 14.3 The Effect of Solids Deposition on Drainage Performance 201 14.4 Conclusions and Implications for Drainage Practice 209 14.5 References 213 15 Conference Conclusions 215 Index 223
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