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similar studies and reports, following on from the publication of the World Bank TAG Technical Note The Design of Small Bore Sewer Systems (Otis and Mara, 1985) and the UNCHS report The Design of Shallow Sewer Systems (Sinnatamby, 1986). With such an interest it is pertinent to ask why low-cost sewerage is not in even greater use, especially in developing countries. |
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1.4
Initiatives at Country Level |
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Probably the most well known, and well documented, local initiative in meeting the demand for sanitation services was with the Orangi Pilot Project (OPP) in Karachi, Pakistan (see Serageldin, 1994). Local people aspired to a traditional full sewerage system as they already had a relatively satisfactory water supply. As this was financially impracticable, they were then persuaded within the OPP to contribute labour in return for financial assistance towards the construction of in-house sanitary latrines, house connections and lane sewers. As the power of the OPP-related organizations increased, they were able to bring pressure on the municipality to provide funds for the contribution of secondary and primary sewers, ultimately benefiting more than 600 000 poor people. This experience demonstrated how people's demands move naturally from the provision of water to removal of waste from their homes, then from their blocks, and finally from their neighbourhood. |
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Other local initiatives can be found throughout Asia, with the NGO sector in Bangladesh being particularly active in working with local authorities to provide better facilities. The UK NGO, WaterAid, has a similar story to tell in Bangalore India, albeit on a smaller scale than Orangi. The ODA assistance with slum improvement projects in Indian cities such as Indore is building on local systems and preferences for waste removal, as well as drawing on the experience of its research-funded urban drainage activities. |
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Several countries in South America have interesting records of local initiatives, particularly concerning low-cost condominial sewerage, with examples from Brazil and Argentina being perhaps the most well known. Within the city of São Paulo, for example, a small local municipal agency was able to demonstrate to the state water utility, through its experimentation with new |
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