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out. Clearly, a number of different groups of people need to be involved: |
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1. The academic community, which has been involved in research into the basic hydraulics of the systems as well as in a number of pioneering pilot schemes, and which will, of course, educate the next generation of public health engineers. |
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2. Consulting engineers, who have designed and implemented low-cost sewer projects in a number of countries, and who have a significant influence not only on the standards and approaches adopted on specific projects, but also on broader matters such as national and international standards and codes of practice. |
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3. Aid agencies, which need to be much more insistent on appropriate technology in the projects they support, and which also need to ensure that their own staff are fully aware of the possibilities and limitations of various options. |
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4. Sector agencies, especially those concerned with sewerage, sanitation and urban development, but also including public health and environmental agencies. |
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There is a real danger of 'turf wars' preventing or delaying progress. In the international community, a number of agencies may feel that their mandate includes this topic (even though currently they may not be very active in it). These include: |
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1. The Collaborative Council Working Group on Sanitation (WHO, Geneva). |
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2. The VIP latrine group at WEDC, part of the Global Applied Research Network (GARNET). |
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3. UNCHS/Habitat, which has published an important guideline on the subject and which is the UN agency specifically charged with low-income human settlements. |
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4. The UNDP/World Bank Program, which has published several papers in succession to the original TAG Technical Note on settled sewerage. |
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5. UNICEF, which has now clearly stated its policy of inter- |
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