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are recognized as more of a problem, and are also easier to remove. |
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What are the principal limits of such an approach? Clearly, the topography of certain depressions may not permit surface routing of all flows. The approach is also impractical where combined sewerage is, (either by design or illegal practice), the common means of excreta disposal. The choice of road surfacing materials needs to be carefully considered. On sites where engineers are planning low-cost sewerage systems, however, it makes clear sense to minimize the length of drainage channel to be built and maintained, and to design roads to shed runoff away from the catchment as efficiently as possible. For many areas, effective low-cost surface water drainage may therefore best be summarized as 'drainage without drains'. |
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This research was funded by the Engineering Division of the ODA, of the UK. However, the ODA can accept no responsibility for any information provided or views expressed. The authors would particularly like to acknowledge Mr Brian Jackson, the ODA Water Resources Adviser, and Messrs David Crapper, Mike Slingsby, and Brian Baxendale of the Slum Improvement Programme Field Management Office in New Delhi offered real encouragement and practical support. We wish to acknowledge the Director and staff of the Shri Govindra Seksaria Institute of Technology and Science for their collaboration in the fieldwork. We are particularly grateful to Professor T.A. Sihorwala, our principal collaborator, to Mr Mansoor Ali, our senior research assistant, and to the staff of the Indore Drainage Evaluation Project who did much of the fieldwork. We also acknowledge the support of the Indore Development Authority, who greatly facilitated the fieldwork. We thank Wallingford Software Ltd, and particularly Dr Roland Price, for both general support and the loan of a copy of SPIDA for this research. Finally, the first author gratefully acknowledges the strong support of Ursula Blumenthal during critical stages of the work, and the general support of Sandy Cairncross throughout, both of whom are in the Environmental Health Group of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. |
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