|
|
|
|
|
|
|
13
Water Conservation: The Impact of Design, Development and Site Appraisal of a Low-volume Flush Toilet |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.A. Swaffield and R.H.M. Wakelin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
13.1.1
Plumbing and Water Conservation: Then and Now |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Water supply and sanitation, as a fundamental prerequisite of urban civilization, may be traced to 8000 BC Jericho, progressing via the Indus Valley, Greece, Crete, where 2000 BC Knossos is often taken as a prime example, to Rome where the daily water supply is quoted in the range 7001300 litres per caput per day (Billington and Roberts, 1982). |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Modern water supply and drainage practice may be taken as post-Chadwick, the Industrial Revolution providing both the cause for many of the public health problems associated with the failure of water supply and sanitation provision in the urban centres and the reformist movements that worked to alleviate these problems. The latter part of the nineteenth century saw the final development of the cistern flush toilet and the trap seal, the introduction of vented building drainage systems and the establishment of reliable water supplies to the urban areas of the industrially developed countries. It is interesting to note that many of Chadwick's recommendations were delayed due to the privatized nature of the water supply 'industry' in 1840. |
|
|
|
|
|