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Sanitation Technologies:
Practical Choices for Large-scale Application



There are only just a few sanitation technologies that are currently suitable for large-scale application and can thus be used to help achieve the MDG sanitation target and to provide universal sanitation coverage. These are:

High-density low-income urban areas
     (a) simplified/condominial sewerage: see here and here.
     (b) low-cost combined sewerage: see here and here.
     (c) community-managed sanitation blocks: see here and here.

Medium-density low-income urban and rural areas
     (a) simplified/condominial sewerage

     (b) low-cost combined sewerage
     (c) urine-diverting alternating twin-vault ventilated improved vault latrines (UD-
           VIVs or eThekwini latrines):
see here and here.
     Possibly:
     (d) alternating twin-pit VIP latrines:
see here and here.
     (e) alternating twin-pit pour-flush toilets:
see here and here.

Low-density rural areas
    (a) Arborloos: see here and here.
    (b) 'Fossas alternas': see here (this is Chapter 4 of Toilets that Make Compost).
    Possibly:
    (c) single-pit VIP latrines:
see here and here.
    (d) single-pit pour-flush toilets: 
see here and here.

How to choose between these systems?  See here.

Why no 'EcoSan' (other than Arborloos and Fossas alternas)? See .