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Nematode Eggs
(including enumeration techniques)
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The human intestinal nematodes of interest in wastewater reuse in agriculture are:
Ascaris lumbricoides, the human roundworm,
Trichuris trichiura, the human whipworm, and
Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus, the human hookworms.
Life cycles: Ascaris Trichuris Hookworms
Read the chapters in Sanitation and Disease:
Ascaris and ascariasis
Trichuris and trichuriasis
Ancylostoma, Necator and ancylostomiasis
See also: Helminth infections: Soil-transmitted helminth
infections and schistosomiasis (Chapter 24 of Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, 2nd ed., 2006) − Ascaris infects 1.221 billion people, Trichuris
795 million and hookworms 740 million.
Global Atlas
of Helminth Infections (website, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and Partnership for Child Development) − an open-access information resource on the distrib- ution of
soil-transmitted helminths and schistosomiasis
Analysis of Wastewater for Use in Agriculture: A Laboratory Manual of Parasitological and Bacteriological Techniques (World Health Organization, 1996) ►Version française.
Watch: Analysis of wastewater for use in agriculture [this is a scanned version of a videotape, presented in Microsoft Producer format]
A design equation for human intestinal nematode egg removal in waste stabilization ponds (Water Research, 1996)
The
accumulation, distribution and viability of human parasitic nematode
eggs in the sludge of a primary facultative waste stabilization pond (Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1993)
Monitoring full-scale
waste stabilisation ponds in Kenya for nematode egg removal (Environmental Technology, 1993)
Comparison of
techniques for the enumeration of human parasitic helminth eggs in treated
wastewater (Environmental Technology, 1991)
HOW MANY EGGS PER LITRE?
(a) <1: The 1989 WHO Guidelines and The 2006 WHO Guidelines
(b) <10: Wastewater reuse in agriculture and the risk of intestinal nematode infection (Parasitology Today, 1992)
(c) <5 (restricted irrigation): Norma Oficial
Mexicana NOM-003-ECOL-1997, Que establece los límites máximos permisibles de contaminantes
para las aguas residuales tratadas que se reusen en servicios al público (see Table
1 on pdf page 3).
(d) <0.5: Evaluation of the WHO nematode egg guideline for restricted and unrestricted irrigation (Water Science and Technology, 1996)
(e) <0.1 (to protect children under 15): Guidelines
for the microbiological quality of treated wastewater used in
agriculture: Recommendations for revising the WHO guidelines (Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2000)
(f) <15: Implementation of the
WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater in Pakistan: balancing risks and
benefits (Journal of Water and Health, 2009)
►See also: Quantitative microbial risk analysis for estimation of Ascaris risks in wastewater-fed agriculture.
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